Swaying , Surging and Heaving
Swaying
When the crest of a large wave strikes against the side of the ship (say starboard), the ship may get
pushed bodily in the direction of the wave (to port).
When the trough of the wave comes against the same side, the ship may get bodily pulled in the direction of the trough (to starboard). The position of the ship thus tends to oscillate from one side to the other due to wave action. This is called swaying.
Surging
When the crest of a large wave strikes against one end of the ship (say the stern), the ship may get pushed bodily in the direction of the wave (ahead).
When the trough of the wave comes against the same end (stern), the ship may get bodily pulled in the direction of the trough (astern). The position of the ship thus tends to oscillate from ahead to astern due to wave action. This is called surging. If the ship was enroute, the speed of the ship would tend to increase & decrease momentarily due to wave action from astern or ahead.
Heaving
When the crest of a large wave comes under the bottom of the ship, the whole the ship may get lifted bodily upwards. When the trough of the wave comes under the bottom of the ship, the whole ship would get lowered in space, bodily downwards. The position of the ship thus tends to oscillate up and down due to wave action. This is called heaving. Heaving occurs in very bad weather, especially when the wave direction is perpendicular to the ship’s course.
Ref: Ship stability at Management Level by Capt. H Subramaniam
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